The Wealthy Bankers Wife essays

The Wealthy Banker's Wife essays Synopsis s The Wealthy Bankers Wife. Synopsis of the authors main argument and rationale: Linda McQuaig in her piece focused on our welfare state performance and status, The Wealthy Bankers Wife, discusses the current status of our social transfer systems, their efficiency and the fear of their dissolution by various government actions. The argument is kicked off with the criticism of the usual comparison of our social economy with the USs and how irrelevant that should be. McQuaig describes her own personal experience witnessing American social failures, and illustrates data highlighting the level of inadequacy the US welfare system has reached. She describes how the US has turned away from an egalitarian approach to free market standards where social welfare and various social benefits are targeted strictly towards the poor. She argues this not only makes the actual systems weaker and weaker over time since the poor dont have much leverage defending themselves, but also weaken the total economical structure of the country as a whole over time. In response to allegations that a strong welfare state is a burden on the economy and weakens the general output, the author provides example of the western European and Scandinavian nations where social spending is in some cases above half their GDP and still have flourishing economies. She wonders how can such economies make it, while the world second highest GDP per capita, Canada, supposedly cannot! The author stresses that while the US with all its might is managing to suppress the poorer classes and slowly but surely put the social transfer systems in the hands of private organizations, Canadians in general do have a different view of how theyd like their states systems to run. The hated concept of Big Government in the US is not such an awful factor to Canadians who are ha...

Strategic Management Company Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management Company Report - Essay Example This expansion program made it become the first international hotel brand to have a truly international presence with hotels in Latin America, Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa. The original goal by PanAm was to assist local entrepreneurs and organisations design, build and operate hotels in important international airway gateway destinations and traffic centres to enrich the international travel experience (InterContinental 2012b). Currently, InterContinental Hotels & Resorts comprises of 169 hotels globally that have a capacity of 57,598 rooms. It has also been named as the World’s Leading Hotel Brand for three consecutive years (2009 to 2011) by the World Travel Awards, the ultimate travel accolade worldwide (InterContinental 2012a). Also, the company is owned by the InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG), a mega-corporation that owns five other leading global hotel and resort brands. The other brands owned by IHG are Crowne Plaza, Hotel Indigo, Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn Express, Staybridge Suites and Candlewood Suites. Given that the InterContinental Hotel is a significant part of the IHG, most of the available research data is presented within the context of the IHG / group. For this reason, this report too shall evaluate this particular business within the same group context. 2.0. Analysis of the Internal and External environment According to Gillespie (2007) analysis of the macro-environment allows management to get a clearer picture with regards to external factors that are likely to change and which among these will have a greater effect on the future survival, profitability and growth of the organisation. In this document, PESTLE analysis is used to evaluate the macro-environment. Within the same macro-environment, Porter (2008) argued that there are five forces that determine the structure and profitability of any given industry. For this reason, this paper uses the five forces framework to analyse InterContinental Hotel’s indust ry structure. This section also evaluates the internal environment of the company using strategic capabilities. 2.1. External environment 2.1.1. PESTLE analysis I. Political factors The InterContinental Hotels are found in over 60 countries across the world. This represents a diverse geo-political landscape that the company needs to balance. Political factors affect government policies which in turn affect either one or more than one of the five competitive forces that influence an industry’s profitability (Porter 2008). Two key areas that global politics has embraced is offering support for increased international trade and increased interdependence of national economies. This has naturally led firstly to increased business travel and then to leisure travel as the business travellers get exposed to new cultures and tourism sites. This implies that globalization – which Barnes (2008) referred to as increase in international trade, increase in interdependence of nat ional economies and increase in cross-border social, cultural and technological exchange – indirectly promotes the travel and lodging industries. II. Economic factors Both the Asia-Pacific region and in the United States (US) –

Effectiveness of Communication in an Organizational Environment Essay

Effectiveness of Communication in an Organizational Environment - Essay Example The opposite group was allowed to ask questions and present its own views regarding the idea presented by the other group. I was also a part of one of the groups. Observation Initially the teacher explained the theoretical concepts of the topic to us. We were told about the factor that add to the effectiveness of inter-personal communication which included; completeness, conciseness, concreteness and clarity. Afterwards, we were told about the factors that could cause hindrance in the process of communication. The hindrances included physical noise present in the surroundings of the place where communication takes place, psychological noise that keeps a person from processing the information being communication due to a distraction or emotional situation and the difference between the social and academic background of the individuals communicating. After the explanation of the theoretical concepts, we were told about certain real life scenarios that occur in organizations and about t he flow of communication in the organizations. We were told that the hierarchical structures of organizations impair the free flow of communication in organizations and they cause delay in the delivery of information. ... wed in this scenario is that, the subordinate will communicate to his manager who will communicate the information to the relevant person in line with his position in the respective department and then the information would finally be communicated to the concerned individual. In this extensive flow, sometimes certain essential facts are lost from the information and a distorted version of the message is delivered. After the teacher was satisfied that both the groups had understood enough concepts to come up with ideas, the discussion started and each group was told to present an idea to improve the flow of communication in an organization along with sufficient justification. The members of both the groups started figuring out the ideas among themselves. In my group, only a couple of students were taking part actively. One of them said that organizations should remove hierarchical structures and adopt a flat structure. Another group member said that this idea was impractical and organ izations will not be able to adopt a completely flat structure. He advised that the organizations should introduce such a policy that allows all the employees to communicate to any person at any level of the organization without going through a specified channel. He also added that an ‘open door policy’ could be an example of such a policy. Other group members nodded at this idea and this showed that they preferred this idea over the idea presented before. However the group member who presented the first idea held the view that this idea was not that effective as the flow of communication in an organization cannot be brought unless a prominent change is not made in the authorities and responsibilities of the personnel of the organization. Other group members weighed the pros and cons of

Research Paper Topics Compare and Contrast

Research Paper Topics Compare and ContrastResearch paper topics are fundamental elements that hold the whole research process together. You have to write in order to obtain a good grade in a course, and it is because of this reason that you have to pick out the topic that will be most helpful to you. There are times when you may think that your professor will find it to be boring because it is not interesting. However, if you are able to do research paper topics compare and contrast, you will be able to select the right one.First, it is important to realize that the subjects that are relevant to your area of study, will be most effective when used as part of your research paper topics compare and contrast. For example, if you are studying biochemistry, you will most likely be using genetics and how they are related. What you will want to do, is select some of these research topics that are more interesting than others. This will help you better explain your reasoning when you are ask ed to discuss the topic, which will make it easier for you to show that you are knowledgeable about it. Also, you will not get lost in the topic because you will know what is relevant, instead of having to search for something that is not applicable.In other words, research paper topics compare and contrast is not an alternative to writing a paper. Instead, it is a tool that you use in order to make it easier for you to gain a better grade.Research paper topics that are not related to the course that you are enrolled in will give you a negative edge because you will be less prepared for the next stage of the course. It is important to remember that it is more important to select the appropriate research paper topics compared and contrast.Also, remember that the research paper topics that you use will depend on your own personality. For example, if you are a very detailedthinker, you will find that using research paper topics compare and contrast will help you create complex ideas. I f you are more comfortable with figures and graphs, you will use fewer words and sentences when it comes to writing your paper. There are also other topics that will help you make more appropriate comparisons and contrasts, so that you will know more clearly what the subject is related to.The final thing that you have to do, is that you have to choose carefully the research paper topics compare and contrast that are relevant to you. As I mentioned, it is important to do research paper topics compare and contrast, because you will know how you will fare in the class. These are important since you will be facing them during the exam. By knowing them, you will know whether or not you are able to answer their questions, and whether or not you can handle what they ask of you.Research paper topics compare and contrast is not a last resort, but rather is an important part of writing a paper. Thus, you should learn about them and use them for the best results possible. Thus, you can do bett er on your exams and ultimately achieve better grades.

Purchasing Middle School Essay Writing

Purchasing Middle School Essay Writing On the flip side, if you've got to compose a persuasive essay, all the matters mentioned previously don't play such significant function. You must answer the question, offer your opinion and capture the heart of the whole paper into a single statement. Put simply, it's a prelude to your conclusion. Your final sentence should uphold your principal idea in a very clear and compelling way. The Supreme Strategy for Middle School Essay Writing Your sister is regarded as the smart one. There are several different forms of essays you could be requested to write in elementary, middle or higher school. It may be tough for the normal homeschool mom to quantify inside her mind how to grade writing assignments. The movement of students is extremely limited and you're mostly escorted by means of a teacher. It helps students more because it permits them to review the material another moment. When you want an example written by means of a student, take a look at our vast assortment of absolutely free student models. For a student to take part in the western world of academics, it's essential they know the fundamentals of the 5-paragraph essay. Want to Know More About Middle School Essay Writing? Journaling is one method to achieve that. Based on the subject you choose which format of writing you need to do. Taking into consideration that there's a broad range of topics and ideas for persuasive papers and unique approaches to create them, it frequently becomes difficult for students to pick the most relevant and intriguing topic and method to follow. Your thesis should inform the reader what point you're going to be making or what question you are going to be answering about this issue. With time, students learn to compose a paragraph by taking those sentences and organizing them around a standard topic. Main idea of your whole paper 2. Second, you must think about the interest you've got on this issue. As an example, let's say you decide on the very first topic from our list. Don't opt for a wide topic. To begin with, write your topic at the surface of the page. Holt Online Essay Scoring supplies a selection of writing prompts your students can. Ensure you abide by them. Have a look at our related courses below to find out more. Who Else Wants to Learn About Middle School Essay Writing? The middle school therefore supplies you with an outstanding chance to understand ways of creating a strong thesis whenever you're handling a written assignment. Our high school essay writing services are offered at very reasonable prices. How to learn tips on schools ought to be sure you might 06, expository and the principles of writing. At times, students are requested to answer essay questions during testing conditions. In that event a dependable custom writing service is just what you will need to fulfill your academic objectives. Now developing a checklist can be a very tiresome course of action. The previous step of the procedure is publishing. It's often hard to remember to do all the steps, all the moment. So long as you know the fundamental steps of essay writing, you ought to be well-equipped to take care of any essay topic. All writers of essays want to understand how to compose a thesis statement. You cannot discuss everything in one essay. The photo essay may be a fantastic middle or higher school assignment. The very first paragraph of your essay will introduce your topic and offer direction for the whole essay. Without proper proofreading, you will never be a prosperous essay writer. An essay has to be broken into paragraphs to ensure it is readable. Photo essays are an easy, engaging means to begin.

The Biggest Myth About Research Paper Topics on Eyes Exposed

The Biggest Myth About Research Paper Topics on Eyes Exposed As soon as you get a general idea of what you would like to speak about, it's important that you narrow it down to a more specific topic in order to have an intriguing paper with its own voice. The need to produce strong arguments in the paper might not be as easy as non-writers would think. Just like any research paper essay, the most essential issue is to construct your topic and paper with the robust evidence. When you are concerned about writing research paper, it can cause you to be stressed and not to have the ability to perform in the simplest way throughout different regions of your life. If you still feel you need help, even if you've managed to pick a topic, you may always seek the services of a custom writing service that will help you produce a fabulous research paper of which you'll be proud and will guarantee you a nice mark. 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The Organizational Behavior Practiced at OSIL Essay Example for Free

The Organizational Behavior Practiced at OSIL Essay Organizational behavior is an essential tool in any organization’s success. The roles to which its benefits are experienced are taken as a whole, with the organization members and the organization itself. It creates a better relationship inside the organization which enables the organization to direct its focus and goal in achieving success. Many companies have carefully scrutinized the objectives of organizational behavior, but some organizations does it so effectively that their achievement is more than the company’s growth but also encompass a holistic experience for its members. Introduction A company’s success can be defined by many factors. We can attributed the executive branch or the managerial skills of the leaders, the technical skills of the workers, the own contributions of the hundreds of workers in the company, and even the role to which the consumers plays their role in the process. But no matter how each entity aims to aspire for a success defined by any organization, external factors can easily disintegrate the organization given if the foundation of its existence is not strong. Organizational Behavior has been a concept under study regarding how people and groups of individuals works and act inside an organization. In context of which, the approach is entailed with a system that aims to understand the relationship of the people inside the organization, the relationships between them, their collective effort, the whole organization itself and the organization being an economic and social entity. Knowing how much organizational behavior affects an organization is a necessity; not only because of its great benefits, but also because of the understanding it gives in realizing the full potentials of the organization. When we talk about having a strong foundation in an organization, we do not only cite the importance of a clear and attainable objectives and goals. The organization needs to achieve not just its organizational objectives, but also consider the human and social objectives that go with it. Not only does it creates self-awareness for the organization, but also determines the extent to which the organization is determined and committed to achieve a holistic experience working in a wholesome relationship. In the study of the application of organizational objectives in different organizations we will mention later, we understand that part of the organization’s success or even failure is affected by the knowledge and lack of, respectively, organizational behavior concepts. This is because the study of organizational behavior encompasses wide and varied topics such as human behavior, change, leadership, teams and others. (Knoster, 2000) In this particular study, we will review the concepts under the study of organizational behavior. Following which will be determining the organizational behavior main concepts that has been used and tested by the different organizations used for this study. We will evaluate not only the success stories, but also show the side of failure in some cases in which we will examine the reason why such failure occurred. This is very important as we provide both viewpoints in the organization’s use of the organizational behavioral concepts. The Concept of Organizational Behavior: Before we begin discussing the focal point of this paper, we shall discuss the important elements and models of organizational behavior that some organizations adopt or use. Basically, the foundation of any organization relies on its solid attribution and commitment towards its philosophies, values, visions and goals. These elements are a major factor to which the organization manages, directs and operates. All these elements in turn is the motivational factor behind what is called the organizational culture which is composed of the formal and informal organization, and the social environment to which the organization thrives in. This mentioned organizational culture will eventually determine the extent of leadership needed, communication process and group dynamics which are very important main concepts in determining organizational behavior. These components are what workers in particular see as their degree of motivation in the quality of work life in the particular organization. When all the elements are in place and well executed, the organization and its employees experience performance, and individual satisfaction, and personal growth and development. This in turn will gear the organization to its operation process and ensures that internally, the organization has its objectives set properly. (Clark, 1998) Over the years, there are different models of organizational behavior that has laid the framework for the operations of many organizations. There are four major models of organizations, namely; autocratic, custodial, supportive and collegial. The first model, autocratic has its basis and focus on the managerial orientation of authority. In studies regarding this type of model, employees tend to become obedient and dependent on their employers, but then the level to which the employees meet their needs is subsistence and the result where found out to be minimal. (Clark, 1998) The second model, custodial has its focus on the organizations’ economic resources and the managerial orientation included in handling the financial resources of the organization. (Clark, 1998) This in turn yields a much secured attitude of the employees towards the organizations because of the benefits and dependence on the organization. The employee enjoys the security he experiences in the organization and in turn this model yields an effective passive cooperation towards the organization. The third model, supportive, entails the leadership and the managerial orientation of support. (Clark, 1998) The employees of the organization are then oriented towards performing great on their jobs and participation in the process. The goal of the employee is to meet the status and recognition form the organization which results to a more driven performance of the employees. The last model is the collegial model in which there exists a partnership and managerial orientation of teamwork. (Clark, 1998)Responsible behavior and self-discipline is expected of the employee and the employee must accomplished self-actualization in order to meet the needs given. This model yields a fairly moderate enthusiastic individual of the organization. We must note however that in a realistic context, the application of these models are not done individually alone. The different models are adapted in accordance to what the organization needs and aims to achieve given their objectives and goals. Organizations do not necessarily adopt an individual and particular model; sometimes organizations even incorporate the different models’ identity to be able to apply it to their organization. Success of an Organization: Douglas McGregor during the 1960’s made a discovery in human behavior in which he relates that most of the management techniques involved in an organization during the 60’s involves monitoring the work of the employees to ensure that they are efficiently operating in the working environment. In his theory, he relates that there is one way to view people. Theory Y, proposed by McGregor, illustrated that people inherently enjoy work and want a good and stable job. He contradicts the manner by which employees are monitored, a process in which organizations during the 1960’s operates, and geared towards encouraging organizations to realize the potentials of their employees in areas such as problem-solving, innovating, finding new opportunities and developing new approaches. (Frazee, 2004) Pioneers in understanding organizational behavior realize the complexity of human behavior, but states as a matter of fact that an individual, an employee for that matter, is also responsible for the improvement of the whole organization, that even with the difference between the employees and the organization as an entity, the relationship between them defines both entity’s growth and development. Relative to the individual process of learning an employee experiences in the workplace, organizational learning also occurs. Organizational behavior shapes patterns by which an individual is enabled to understand the overall perspective within the organization more than what the individual could on his or her own. (Frazee, 2004) In this paper, we note that one company is able to apply the concepts of organizational behavior in its policies and operations. We name Wal-Mart as our example and will use the analysis on how it adopts organizational behavior concepts into its relationship and management of its employees. In past studies regarding organizational behavior, organizations that express and treats its employees as company assets but withholds its time and money towards its employees clearly puts a face on their corporate value statement. In the same manner at which even if performance is rewarded but promotions of employees are relatively not shown, employees then have reserved feelings over the organization and try to get ahead of them. These forms of organizational operations are determined as detriment to an organization and are unable to reach its potential as an entity in the economic and social realm of society. In affect, the stability of an organization’s growth will very much be impeded by the weak relationship organizations has towards their employees. The Success and Shortcomings of OSIL: An organization’s culture determines a lot in its organizational behavior. The culture in an organization is composed of beliefs, different values and assumptions that that organizations tries to shape its employees behavior. The individual’s behavior are shaped and motivated in lieu with the culture the organization possess and operates at. An organizational culture can either be strong or weak. Strong in the sense that it influence and motivates the individual and his or her behavior and weak if it has a relatively low or no impact on the behavior of an employee. (Frazee, 2004) The human resource practices of OSIL is said to have set a more competitive format in the apparel industry. In recent years, there is an issue on the emergence of more companies offering bad compensations for its employees. Many critics of this issue have stated that employers had changed their operations into long-standing practices with regards to the employment of their employees and the way in which their wages are set. There is the existing fear that fewer jobs offer a traditional long-term employment relationship and continuously have low-skilled job offered and little opportunity in terms of training and wage increase. Citing Hughes 1999 study, jobs in the clothing industry is no longer a full time job, but rather characterized with part-time job with irregular hours, low pay and limited options for training and promotion. This transition emerged the same time the industry has undergone dramatic product restructuring as OSIL and other mass merchandisers have entered the industry. The expansion efforts of OSIL had a dramatic effect on the labor market. OSIL significantly has made the shift consistent with changing the United States’ level of employment and wages after its successful entry in the industry. It can be said that although there is the commitment of OSIL to employ and provide more job opportunities to many, the promotion and ability to provide training opportunities was very limited due to factors affecting its expansion plans. But somehow, in totality, it has no significant negative impact on OSIL being a successful organization. OSIL hitherto had expressed its desire to devise a new communication plan in order for the company to address several issues in recent years. OSIL is now working on integrating a multi-tiered communication plan into the business. In a statement of Sue Oliver, citing the article of Millerwood Communications, the senior vice president of the OSIL Stores Division envisioned this plan to reduce the turnover and to comply with the increasing and more complex demands and trends of the consumers. (Miller, 2007) The new communication plan they are also planning is to be able to react to the negative publicity they have been receiving the past years. In the formatted communication plan, OSIL intends to hire more than 300 human resource managers to work for them, and ensure the stability and efficient hiring, training and performance practices to be applied. The new communication plan also aims to increase the morale of their employees by communicating business objectives and opportunities for growth. The objective to communicate among its employees and consumers is implemented together with a strengthened human resource practice that will ensure that employees are benefitting the growth. The communication plans also includes updating its websites to address controversial topics, and to give senior management the responsibility to address the issues immediately as it arises. (Miller, 2007) Conclusion: OSIL is an apt example to explain the dynamics to which organizational behavior can be very useful in determining the success of a company. in the study, we analyze that organizational behavior encompass the relationship to which employees play a vital role in determining the success of an organization and how individual realization of potentials is a great asset to an organization. We examine the positive and negative outcome of the adoption of organizational concepts that enabled OSIL to become relatively successful in the industry. As mentioned, the organizational culture of OSIL is significantly strong in context that its founder has a clear intention to include its employees with its success. OSIL was accused of paying low wage to workers, having low training opportunities and promotion options for its employees. The lack of a strong human resource practices has led to several changes the company aimed its communication plan. The proposed communication plan objectively clarifies OSIL’s position with its employees and organization. The company is also suing technology, like its websites to address these matters immediately. OSIL as a developing and expanding company is applying several main concepts of organizational behavior in its operations. We can only hope that effectively and efficiently it can maintain its commitment and passion not only towards the business, but most especially with its employees. Why are people leaving from one company to another? A wide variety of reasons why are people leaving their jobs to find new companies includes: expectations were not satisfactorily fulfilled, unsuitable for the role, do not fit with the company’s culture, insufficient opportunities for growth and development, inadequate acknowledgment and admiration, problems with a manager or supervisor, not satisfied with the compensation, stress, lack of work and life balance, and lack of confidence in the company and leadership (Meyers). According to Susan Heathfield (Heathfield, 2007), most employees are leaving their work for reasons of searching new opportunities with other companies. Three top reasons were identified by Heathfield: fifty three percent of employees look for better rewards and benefits, thirty five percent were discontented with prospects of career growth and development, and thirty two percent were ready for a new experience and new environment. The motivating factors that can enhance the continuous stay of employees were examined by Bob Losyk on his article, here are the different factors that he stated: dignity and respect, involvement and participation, pay above the industry average, showcase superior workers, and by showing support to employees (Losyk). Giving dignity and respect is one of the most important key elements in satisfying the employees, harsh words, shouting, insults, and abuse of power will only result to demoralization, low morale, increase possibilities of absenteeism, and in turn resignation. Losyk added that employers should be treated with high respect, worth and goodness, let them relax, be independent and empowered. Do not crash on people who make mistakes instead make it more constructive and let them learn from it. Involvement and participation is also a significant factor in dealing with employees’ motivation to stay in the company, by listening to their suggestions, aspirations, and ideas can make them more involved and active much as with belongingness and partnership. Paying above the industry average will surely and literally compensate the best employee thus giving and making more money for you. Great employees should be compensated for what they gave back to the company and it should not be as simple as paying back but to reward and constantly recognize their efforts. For sure, companies who have the best employees will have more satisfied clients because of the excellent services they receive and in return a greater chance of repeat business will likely to come. Another tip from Losyk is to highlight and draw attention to outstanding employees by giving awards, certificates, extra remuneration, dinners as well as posting their photos on bulletin boards or company newsletters. To share and show support, to listen and know their personal and family problems can be a key factor for lasting relationship with employees. It will create a positive and motivating atmosphere resulting to a more productive and high-quality employees (Losyk). Human Resource Retaining Strategies: The Training Delivery / Communication Options The training delivery to be used is participative which simulates real scenarios (Schein, 1987). This will be a workshop type of training. Experiential learning should be employed in the training components of the human resources planning program aimed at maintaining work effectiveness, retaining employees and create organizational success where employee development is critical. The communication option to be used in the delivery of training should be simple yet effective. This type of training program will fit the workforce of the Belfarm Hotel to refine their training skills. Also, this training program will provide comprehensive information and techniques to develop critical competencies. Training activities will focus on the design and approach to facilitate effective delivery of functions and responsibilities. The training materials to be used should assist trainers in enhancing their training presentations with materials that are professionally designed and written. Group facilitation skills of the trainers should be maximized to effect intervention strategies needed to maintain effective group relationships and direct groups towards productive goals. Aside from the evaluation of the Human Resources Directors from available data and observations, a Training Needs Assessment and Evaluation conducted prior to the actual training proper help trainers understand and use selected needs assessment and evaluation tools as part of the design and delivery of training. Human Resource Issues and Challenges to Consider Including Suggested Solutions The challenge to have a trained and skilled workforce is the ultimate competitive advantage for any organization (Cowling Mailer, 1998). The rapidly expanding base of new information and technologies affects every one of us, from factory floor to business office. No matter how capable or successful an organization is, if staff training and continuing education is overlooked, there will be problems in the organization. The challenge is to get the best value for the training dollars spent by choosing training that suits the needs of the company and least impacts the bottom line (Storey Sisson, 1993). In order to meet the challenge, comprehensive approach to employee development can be adopted. Set goals and reach them, identifying the needs, developing the right intervention, and delivering a practical, results-oriented solution. Interactive training is designed for the adult learner, requiring involvement in the learning process. Handle specialized workplace challenges with customized group training. Handle challenges specific to the organization. A good approach is to maximize training dollars spent by tailoring content to the organization’s explicit situation to produce the results needed. The NLC should source top-notch trainers who can combine their experiences with the latest in learning techniques for interactive sessions that emphasize skill development and application (RBA Training, 2006).